Lots of room for interpretation, on what counts as a game and how do you count the length. Also there's the issue of do we count by how long I played it or by theoretical minimum length (as speedrun).
Snail Maze is about 10 minutes in total content and it's an officially published game. However it was never sold separately, only included as sort of free bonus, so you could argue it doesn't count.
I don't remember how long Master System version of Rampage is, maybe hour and half.
The biggest tournament mode of Slap Shot is only three games long, making it hour of playtime plus breaks and menus.
In some games there's no major long mode and although default settings could be considered standard, it's almost equal to argue that any available game format counts as playing that game.
If we accept everything possible, in little shareware game Slicks'n'Slide I could have a single lap race under 5 seconds. (I don't think I've ever actually done that, but two lap race under 10 seconds for sure.)
Of course, if we count the length from Game Over with out demand to finish the game, you can die in less than second. Though it'd be difficult to think a game where that is true while also you only have one life. But I'm sure there must be something such I've played at least once.